Journal
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
Volume 3, Issue 8, Pages 2684-2695Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.616
Keywords
Brood reduction; fledgling production; fledgling size; grassland; nestling survival; raptor; timing food limitation
Categories
Funding
- World Wildlife Fund Canada
- Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management
- Foothills
- TransGas
- TransCanada
- Interprovincial Pipe Lines
- University of Alberta
- University of Saskatchewan
- Canadian Wildlife Service/Environment Canada
- Bill Shostak
- McAffee
- Taverner
- John K. Cooper
- Frank Chapman
- Alexander Bergstrom
- Mewaldt-King Awards
- Wildlife Preservation Trust Canada
- Dennis Pattinson Conservation
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Federation
- Environmental Youth Corps Canada
- Operation Burrowing Owl, Nature Saskatchewan
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Food availability is an important limiting factor for avian reproduction. In altricial birds, food limitation is assumed to be more severe during the nestling stage than during laying or incubation, but this has yet to be adequately tested. Using food-supplementation experiments over a 5-year period, we determined the degree and timing of food limitation for burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) breeding in Canada. Burrowing owls are an endangered species and food limitation during the nestling stage could influence reproductive performance of this species at the northern extent of their range. Supplemented pairs fledged on average 47% more owlets than unfed pairs, except during a year when natural food was not limiting (i.e., a prey irruption year). The difference in fledgling production resulted from high nestling mortality in unfed broods, with 96% of all nestling deaths being attributed to food shortage. Supplemental feeding during the nestling period also increased fledgling structural size. Pairs fed from the start of laying produced the same number of hatchlings as pairs that received no supplemental food before hatch. Furthermore, pairs supplemented from egg laying to fledging and pairs supplemented during the nestling period alone had the same patterns of nestling survival, equal numbers of fledglings, and similar fledgling mass and structural size. Our results provide empirical support for the hypothesis that the nestling period is the most food-limited phase of the breeding cycle. The experimental design we introduce here could be used with other altricial species to examine how the timing of food limitation differs among birds with a variety of life-history strategies. For burrowing owls, and other species with similar life histories, long-term, large-scale, and appropriately timed habitat management increasing prey abundance or availability is critical for conservation.
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