Journal
THERANOSTICS
Volume 8, Issue 15, Pages 4141-4151Publisher
IVYSPRING INT PUBL
DOI: 10.7150/thno.27995
Keywords
near-infrared-II (NIR-II) bioimaging; NIR dyes; tail emission; cyanine dyes; ICG/IRDye800/IR-12N3
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Funding
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING AND BIOENGINEERING [ZIAEB000073] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Significantly reduced photon scattering and minimal tissue autofluorescence levels in the second biological transparency window (NIR-II; 1000-1700 nm) facilitate higher resolution in vivo biological imaging compared to tradition NIR fluorophores (similar to 700-900 nm). However, the existing palette of NIR-II fluorescent agents including semiconducting inorganic nanomaterials and recently introduced small-molecule organic dyes face significant technical and regulatory hurdles prior to clinical translation. Fortunately, recent spectroscopic characterization of NIR-I dyes (e.g., indocyanine green (ICG), IRDye800CW and IR-12N3) revealed long non-negligible emission tails reaching past 1500 nm. Repurposing the most widely used NIR dye in medicine, in addition to those in the midst of clinical trials creates an accelerated pathway for NIR-II clinical translation. This review focuses on the significant advantage of imaging past 1000 nm with NIR-I fluorophores from both a basic and clinical viewpoint. We further discuss optimizing NIR-I dyes around their NIR-II/shortwave infrared (SWIR) emission, NIR-II emission tail characteristics and prospects of NIR-II imaging with clinically available and commercially available dyes.
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