Journal
SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE
Volume 69, Issue 3, Pages 451-459Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.018
Keywords
USA; Inflammation; C-reactive protein; Interleukin-6; Socioeconomic status (SES); Gender; Race/ethnicity; Biomarkers; Health inequalities
Funding
- NHLBI NIH HHS [N01 HC048047, N01 HC048048, N01-HC-95095, N01 HC048049, N01HC95095, N01-HC-48049, N01HC48050, N01 HC048050, N01HC48047, N01-HC-48048, N01HC48048, N01-HC-48047, N01HC48049, N01-HC-48050, N01 HC095095] Funding Source: Medline
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Inflammatory processes are implicated in a number of diseases for which there are known socioeconomic status (SES) disparities, including heart disease and diabetes. Growing evidence also suggests SES gradients in levels of peripheral blood markers of inflammation. However, we know little about potential gender and racial/ethnic differences in associations between SES and inflammation, despite the fact that the burden of inflammation-related diseases varies by gender and race. The present study examines SES (education and income) gradients in levels of two inflammatory biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in a biethnic (White and Black) sample of men and women (n = 3549, aged 37-55 years) in the USA from the CARDIA Study. Health status, behavioral and psychosocial variables that may underlie SES differences in inflammatory biomarker levels were also examined. Age-adjusted CRP and IL-6 levels were inversely associated with education level in each race/gender group except Black males. income gradients were also observed in each race/gender group for IL-6 and in White females and males for CRP. In general, differences in CRP and IL-6 levels between low and high SES groups were reduced in magnitude and significance with the addition of health status, behavioral, and psychosocial variables, although the impact of the addition of model covariates varied across race/gender groups and different SES-inflammation models. Overall, findings indicate SES gradients in levels of inflammation burden in middle-aged White and Black males and females. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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