Journal
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
Volume 7, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/srep43890
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Funding
- European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant [643052]
- Swedish Research Council [2016-04153]
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW project)
- Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [2011/23594-8]
- Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)
- European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme for Research and Innovation
- German Ministry of Education and Science (BMBF)
- Leibniz Foundation
- DFG project Aquameth [GR1540:/21-1]
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change
- Czech Science Foundation [15-13750S]
- Kelsey Trust
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Citizen science projects have a long history in ecological studies. The research usefulness of such projects is dependent on applying simple and standardized methods. Here, we conducted a citizen science project that involved more than 3500 Swedish high school students to examine the temperature difference between surface water and the overlying air (T-w-T-a) as a proxy for sensible heat flux (Q(H)). If Q(H) is directed upward, corresponding to positive T-w-T-a, it can enhance CO2 and CH4 emissions from inland waters, thereby contributing to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The students found mostly negative T-w-T-a across small ponds, lakes, streams/rivers and the sea shore (i.e. downward Q(H)), with T-w-T-a becoming increasingly negative with increasing T-a. Further examination of T-w-T-a using high-frequency temperature data from inland waters across the globe confirmed that T-w-T-a is linearly related to T-a. Using the longest available high-frequency temperature time series from Lake Erken, Sweden, we found a rapid increase in the occasions of negative T-w-T-a with increasing annual mean T-a since 1989. From these results, we can expect that ongoing and projected global warming will result in increasingly negative T-w-T-a, thereby reducing CO2 and CH4 transfer velocities from inland waters into the atmosphere.
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