Graphene and graphene oxides: recent advances in chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence

Due to the high surface area, excellent conductivity, high mechanical strength, and good biocompatibility, graphene has become a growing area of interest since it was first discovered in 2004. Despite these important achievements in the design of fluorescent, colorimetric and electrochemical sensors, the merging of graphene and chemiluminescence (CL) or electrochemiluminescence (ECL), especially CL is still in its infancy. In this review, according to the roles that graphene and its derivatives play in various CL or ECL systems, we discuss the new CL and ECL sensors in particular, in the last two years. Furthermore, we discuss some future prospects and critical challenges in this field. Additionally, possible solutions to overcome these challenges are presented.