Journal
RSC ADVANCES
Volume 4, Issue 96, Pages 53442-53466Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09105a
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Funding
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientico e Tecnologico (CNPq)
- Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)
- Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
- DIT
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The Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction is a powerful method for the formation of C-sp2-C-sp bonds and has found application in a wide variety of areas including medicinal chemistry, agrochemistry, materials and electronics. Development of competent catalysts for the Sonogashira reaction is a particular scientific challenge since it is traditionally a di-metallic-mediated homogeneous catalytic process including some major drawbacks. This review provides a concise overview of the mechanistic aspects of the Cu co-catalyzed, Cu-free and Au-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling processes. More recent developments and next generation catalysts for the Sonogashira reaction are also presented. These include non transition-metal catalysts, metal free couplings and photo-induced protocols. Finally, the application of metal nanoparticles in Sonogashira reactions is presented. These include Pd nanoparticles, Pd bi-and tri-metallic nanoparticles, magnetically separable Pd/Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Ru nanoparticles and Au nanoparticles.
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