Carbon nanoparticles as an interfacial layer between TiO2-coated ZnO nanorod arrays and conjugated polymers for high-photocurrent hybrid solar cells

A thin layer of water-soluble carbon nanoparticles, prepared by a simple, efficient and scalable high energy ball milling technique, is applied as an interfacial layer between TiO2-coated ZnO nanorod arrays and P3HT, leading to hybrid solar cells with the highest photocurrent ever reported for ZnO nanorod arrays/P3HT-based devices.