Extreme summer weather in northern mid-latitudes linked to a vanishing cryosphere

The past decade has seen an exceptional number of unprecedented summer extreme weather events(1-4) in northern mid-latitudes, along with record declines in both summer Arctic sea ice(5,6) and snow cover on high-latitude land(7). The underlying mechanisms that link the shrinking cryosphere with summer extreme weather, however, remain unclear(8-12). Here, we combine satellite observations of early summer snow cover and summer sea-ice extent(13) with atmospheric reanalysis data(14) to demonstrate associations between summer weather patterns in mid-latitudes and losses of snow and sea ice. Results suggest that the atmospheric circulation responds differently to changes in the ice and snow extents, with a stronger response to sea-ice loss, even though its reduction is half as large as that for the snow cover. Atmospheric changes associated with the combined snow/ice reductions reveal widespread upper-level height increases, weaker upper-level zonal winds at high latitudes, a more amplified upper-level pattern, and a general northward shift in the jet stream. More frequent extreme summer heat events over mid-latitude continents are linked with reduced sea ice and snow through these circulation changes.