4.8 Article

Carbon emissions from forest conversion by Kalimantan oil palm plantations

Journal

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE
Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 283-287

Publisher

NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1702

Keywords

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Funding

  1. NASA Land Cover/Land-Use Change Program [NNG05GB51G, NNX11AF08G, NNX07AK37H]
  2. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  3. Santa Fe Institute
  4. Stanford University
  5. Yale University
  6. NASA [NNX08AU75H]
  7. NSF [DGE-1122492]
  8. NASA [92938, NNX08AU75H, NNX11AF08G, 145730] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER

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Oil palm supplies >30% of world vegetable oil production(1). Plantation expansion is occurring throughout the tropics, predominantly in Indonesia, where forests with heterogeneous carbon stocks undergo high conversion rates(2-4). Quantifying oil palm's contribution to global carbon budgets therefore requires refined spatio-temporal assessments of land cover converted to plantations(5,6). Here, we report oil palm development across Kalimantan (538; 346 km(2)) from 1990 to 2010, and project expansion to 2020 within government-allocated leases. Using Landsat satellite analyses to discern multiple land covers, coupled with above- and below-ground carbon accounting, we develop the first high-resolution carbon flux estimates from Kalimantan plantations. From 1990 to 2010, 90% of lands converted to oil palm were forested (47% intact, 22% logged, 21% agroforests). By 2010, 87% of total oil palm area (31,640 km(2)) occurred on mineral soils, and these plantations contributed 61-73% of 1990-2010 net oil palm emissions (0.020-0.024 GtC yr(-1)). Although oil palm expanded 278% from 2000 to 2010, 79% of allocated leases remained undeveloped. By 2020, full lease development would convert 93; 844 km(2) (similar to 90% forested lands, including 41% intact forests). Oil palm would then occupy 34% of lowlands outside protected areas. Plantation expansion in Kalimantan alone is projected to contribute 18-22% (0.12-0.15 GtC yr(-1)) of Indonesia's 2020 CO2-equivalent emissions. Allocated oil palm leases represent a critical yet undocumented source of deforestation and carbon emissions.

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