Journal
NANO ENERGY
Volume 17, Issue -, Pages 27-35Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.07.028
Keywords
MXene; Intercalation; Electromechanical actuator; Atomic force microscopy
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Funding
- Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures and Transport (FIRST) Center, an Energy Frontier Research Center - U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences
- Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, DOE Office of Science User Facility
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Atomic force microscopy was used to monitor the macroscopic deformation in a delaminated Ti3C2 paper electrode in situ, during charge/discharge in a variety of aqueous electrolytes to examine the effect of the cation intercalation on the electrochemical behavior and mechanical response. The results show a strong dependence of the electrode deformation on cation size and charge. The electrode undergoes a large contraction during Li, Na+ or Mg2+ intercalation, differentiating the Ti3C2 paper from conventional electrodes where redox intercalation of ions (e.g. Li) into the bulk phase (e.g. graphite, silicon) results in volumetric expansion. This feature may explain the excellent rate performance and cyclability reported for MXenes. We also demonstrated that the variation of the electromechanical contraction can be easily adjusted by electrolyte exchange, and shows interesting characteristics for the design of actuators based on 2D metal carbides. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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