A Review of Graphite Beneficiation Techniques

Graphite as the most common polymorph of naturally occurring crystalline carbon is required for many different applications such as batteries, refractories, electrical products, and pencils. Graphite resources are currently being subjected to intensive exploration to help meet rapidly growing global demand - and graphite has made it onto the list of critical raw materials as issued by the European Union. Graphite ore is mostly beneficiated using flotation separation techniques. The increasing demand for high-grade graphite products with up to 99.99% carbon has resulted in the development of various approaches to remove impurities even to parts per million range. This paper considers separation and purification techniques that are currently employed for graphite mineral beneficiation, and identifies areas in need of further research.