Journal
CURRENT PSYCHIATRY REPORTS
Volume 16, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0497-1
Keywords
Biomarkers; Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Dopaminergic pathway; Noradrenergic pathway; Metabolism enzymes; CNS developmental network; Environmental risk factors; Endophenotypes; SLC6A3; DRD4; DBH; COMT; Reaction time variability; Vigilance/sustained attention; Executive functions; Working memory; EEG Theta/Beta ratio
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Funding
- Fondazione Mariani [RF2006]
- Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente)
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The etiology and pathogenesis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are unclear and a more valid diagnosis would certainly be welcomed. Starting from the literature, we built an hypothetical pyramid representing a putative set of biomarkers where, at the top, variants in DAT1 and DRD4 genes are the best candidates for their associations to neuropsychological tasks, activation in specific brain areas, methylphenidate response and gene expression levels. Interesting data come from the noradrenergic system (norepinephrine transporter, norepinephrine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, monoamine oxidase, neuropeptide Y) for their altered peripheral levels, their association with neuropsychological tasks, symptomatology, drugs effect and brain function. Other minor putative genetic biomarkers could be dopamine beta hydroxylase and catechol-O-methyltransferase. In the bottom, we placed endophenotype biomarkers. A more deep integration of omics sciences along with more accurate clinical profiles and new high-throughput computational methods will allow us to identify a better list of biomarkers useful for diagnosis and therapies.
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