Quantification of wheat water-use efficiency at the shire-level in Australia

In eastern Australia, latitudinal gradients in vapour pressure deficit (VPD), mean temperature (T), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and fraction of diffuse radiation (FDR) around the critical stage for yield formation affect wheat yield and crop water-use efficiency (WUE = yield per unit evapotranspiration). In this paper we combine our current understanding of these climate factors aggregated in a normalised phototermal coefficient, NPq = (PAR.FDR)/(T.VPD), with a shire-level dynamic model of crop yield and water use to quantify WUE of wheat in 245 shires across Australia. Three measures of WUE were compared: WUE, the ratio of measured yield and modelled evapotranspiration; WUEVPD, i.e. WUE corrected by VPD; and WUENPq, i.e. WUE corrected by NPq. Our aim is to test the hypothesis that WUENPq suits regional comparisons better than WUE or WUEVPD. Actual median yield at the shire level (1975-2000) varied from 0.5 to 2.8 t/ha and the coefficient of variation ranged from 18 to 92%. Modelled median evapotranspiration varied from 106 to 620 mm and it accounted for 42% of the variation in yield among regions. The relationship was non-linear, and yield stabilised at similar to 2 t/ha for evapotranspiration above 343 mm. There were no associations between WUE and rainfall. The associations were weak (R-2 = 0.09) but in the expected direction for WUEVPD, i.e. inverse with seasonal rainfall and direct with off-season rainfall, and strongest for WUENPq (R-2 = 0.40). We suggest that the effects of VPD, PAR, FDR, and T, can be integrated to improve the regional quanti. cation of WUE defined in terms of grain yield and seasonal water use.