Urine distribution and grazing behaviour of female sheep and cattle grazing a steep New Zealand hill pasture

Much of the nitrogen (N) excreted by grazing animals is within highly concentrated urine patches. The N that is not used by plants is likely to be lost through leaching, emitted as N gases or added to the soil organic N pool. The present study used custom-made global positioning system (GPS) and urine sensors on 20 non-lactating ewes and 20 non-lactating beef heifers grazing steep hill country to determine potential critical source areas for N loss to the environment. Bite counters on four sheep and five heifers showed when and where animals were eating. Animals were monitored simultaneously on 0.5 ha adjacent paddocks over 8 days. Sheep and cows urinated a mean (+/- s.d.) of 21.2 +/- 6.1 and 9.0 +/- 3.0 times/day, respectively. Eating started soon after sunrise and increased during the day to reach a maximum in the hour before sunset, after which the eating activity of both species was near zero for most of the night, except for a short feeding period at around 0300 hours. The urination frequency of sheep increased as eating activity increased during the day, but this relationship was not seen in heifers. Land classified as easy hill country (<= 12 degrees) comprised 31% of the sheep paddock and contained 23% of the urination events. In contrast, although the easy hill country comprised 33% of the cattle paddock, 46% of the urine patches were in this area. Although aerial application of N mitigation products to whole paddocks or farms is uneconomic, the results of the present study suggest that mitigation products could possibly be cost-effectively targeted to easy contoured, cattle-grazed hill country areas accessible by farm vehicle.