Promoted Ceria: A Structural, Catalytic, and Computational Study

The role of trivalent (La, Sm, G and Y) and tetravalent (Hf, Zr, and Ti) dopants in the catalytic, structural, and electronic properties of ceria was investigated. Promoted ceria catalysts were synthesized by coprecipitation with ammonia and tested in HCl and CO oxidation. Ceria catalysts exhibit a medium high reactivity and excellent stability in HCl oxidation. The intrinsic reactivity of ceria in HCl oxidation can be improved by a factor of 2 when doping with Hf and Zr in appropriate quantities, whereas trivalent dopants are detrimental. Although both oxidation reactions rely on the existence of oxygen vacancies, the order of reactivity in HCl and CO oxidation is not completely parallel. The effects of promoters on the electronic conductivity and the vacancy formation energy were studied by contactless Conductivity experiments using the microwave cavity perturbation technique and by density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, transport, properties were also assessed on the basis of theoretical calculations. The order of oxygen vacancy formation energy follows well the order of conductivity (polaron mobility) (trivalent > tetravalent > undoped) observed under inert and oxidizing conditions. This implies that hone of these properties correlates with the reactivity. On the other hand, reducing conditions strongly enhanced the conductivity of Hf- and Zr-doped-ceria. In HCl oxidation, only the balanced reduction of both Cl and O vacancy. formation energies allows for an enhanced reactivity. Promoters give rise to lattice contraction expansion modifying vacancy formation energies, adsorption properties, and surface coverages.