Anchored Wilkinson Catalyst

A series of Anchored Wilkinson's Catalysts were prepared by the reaction of the homogeneous Wilkinson catalyst with alumina/heteropoly acid support materials. It was found that the catalytically active species from these materials were unique in that they had only a single triphenylphosphine and a heteropoly acid as ligands giving these Catalysts distinctive steric and electronic characteristics. These catalysts were used to promote the hydrogenation of 1-hexene and limonene with,substrate to catalyst ratios of 10,000 and 7,500 respectively. The results were compared With those obtained using the homogeneous Wilkinson and 1% Rh/Al2O3 catalysts with respect to catalyst activity and stability as well as the reaction selectivity as measured by the amount of double bond isomerization observed. The observed rates of hydrogen uptake and double bond isomer formation in the hydrogenations of both 1-hexene and limonene follow the same order with respect to the nature of the heteropoly acid ligand used to anchor the Wilkinson catalyst to the alumina: silicotungstic acid > phosphotungstic acid > phosphomolybdic acid > silicomolybdic acid for hydrogen addition and the reverse for isomerization. This consistency provides a measure of the electronic character of these Keggin heteropoly acids when acting as ligands. In contrast to the reactions observed with the anchored catalysts the homogeneous Wilkinson catalyst was incapable of completing these high substrate/catalyst ratio hydrogenations. It became deactivated at about 85% 1-hexene conversion and only 10% limonene hydrogenation. As compared with the anchored catalysts the supported Rh promoted more isomerization of 1-hexene and limonene while the hydrogenation of the trisubstituted double bond in p-menthene was more difficult over the supported metal catalyst than with the sterically more accessible anchored Wilkinson catalysts.