Journal
JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 516-527Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9462-3
Keywords
Biomarkers; Dilated cardiomyopathy; Heart failure
Funding
- NHLBI NIH HHS [R21 HL102631] Funding Source: Medline
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Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by deteriorating cardiac performance, impaired contraction and dilation of the left ventricle (or both ventricles). Blood markers-known as biomarkersaEuroallow insight into underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and biologic pathways while predicting outcomes and guiding heart failure management and/or therapies. In this review, we provide an alternative approach to conceptualize heart failure biomarkers: the cardiomyocyte, its surrounding microenvironment, and the macroenvironment, integrating these entities which may impact cellular processes involved in the pathogenesis and/or propagation of DCM. Newer biomarkers of left ventricular systolic dysfunction can be categorized under: (a) myocyte stress and stretch, (b) myocyte apoptosis, (c) cardiac interstitium, (d) inflammation, (e) oxidative stress, (f) cardiac energetics, (g) neurohormones, and (h) renal biomarkers. Biomarkers provide insight into the pathogenesis of DCM while predicting and potentially providing prognostic information in these patients with heart failure.
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