Journal
JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
Volume 6, Issue 5, Pages 772-786Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9496-6
Keywords
Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular disease; CD4(+) lymphocyte; T helper cell; Immunology; Inflammation; Immunoglobulin
Funding
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) [5T32HL007594-27, HL108371, R01 HL-46696, R01 HL58329]
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Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by T lymphocyte infiltration into the atherosclerotic plaque. Assessments of T cell subtypes have demonstrated a predominance of CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells, implicated Th1 and Th17 immunity in both human and mouse atherogenesis, and provided some evidence suggesting protective roles of Th2 and T regulatory cells. Observations that certain inbred mouse strains have an inherent T helper bias suggest a genetic predisposition toward developing a particular T helper phenotype. This review summarizes our current understanding of mechanisms of antigen processing for major histocompatibility complex molecules, describes the different T helper cell subsets and their roles in atherosclerosis, and discusses mechanisms of genetic predisposition toward Th1/Th2 bias in mice. We also present data from our laboratory demonstrating inherent Th1/Th2 phenotypes in apparently healthy human volunteers that are stable over time and discuss the potential implications for cardiovascular disease.
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