Astrocytes are important mediators of Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and tau phosphorylation in primary culture

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically characterised by the age-dependent deposition of beta-amyloid (A beta) in senile plaques, intraneuronal accumulation of tau as neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. Neuroinflammation, typified by the accumulation of activated microglia and reactive astrocytes, is believed to modulate the development and/or progression of AD. We have used primary rat neuronal, astrocytic and mixed cortical cultures to investigate the contribution of astrocyte-mediated inflammatory responses during A beta-induced neuronal loss. We report that the presence of small numbers of astrocytes exacerbate A beta-induced neuronal death, caspase-3 activation and the production of caspase-3-cleaved tau. Furthermore, we show that astrocytes are essential for the A beta-induced tau phosphorylation observed in primary neurons. The release of soluble inflammatory factor(s) from astrocytes accompanies these events, and inhibition of astrocyte activation with the anti-inflammatory agent, minocycline, reduces astrocytic inflammatory responses and the associated neuronal loss. A beta-induced increases in caspase-3 activation and the production of caspase-3-truncated tau species in neurons were reduced when the astrocytic response was attenuated with minocycline. Taken together, these results show that astrocytes are important mediators of the neurotoxic events downstream of elevated A beta in models of AD, and suggest that mechanisms underlying pro-inflammatory cytokine release might be an important target for therapy. Cell Death and Disease (2011) 2, e167; doi:10.1038/cddis.2011.50; published online 2 June 2011