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Control of reaching movements by muscle synergy combinations

Journal

Publisher

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00042

Keywords

muscle synergies; reaching movements; human; motor control; intermittency; EMG

Funding

  1. Italian Ministry of Health
  2. Italian Space Agency (DCMC)
  3. Italian Space Agency (CRUSOE)
  4. EU Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-ICT) [248311 AMARSi]

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Controlling the movement of the arm to achieve a goal, such as reaching for an object, is challenging because it requires coordinating many muscles acting on many joints. The central nervous system (CNS) might simplify the control of reaching by directly mapping initial states and goals into muscle activations through the combination of muscle synergies, coordinated recruitment of groups of muscles with specific activation profiles. Here we review recent results from the analysis of reaching muscle patterns supporting such a control strategy. Muscle patterns for point-to-point movements can be reconstructed by the combination of a small number of time-varying muscle synergies, modulated in amplitude and timing according to movement directions and speeds. Moreover, the modulation and superposition of the synergies identified from point-to-point movements captures the muscle patterns underlying multi-phasic movements, such as reaching through a via-point or to a target whose location changes after movement initiation. Thus, the sequencing of time-varying muscle synergies might implement an intermittent controller which would allow the construction of complex movements from simple building blocks.

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