The transition to an urbanizing world and the demand for natural resources

Urbanization is not only a socioeconomic phenomenon; it is also a process of ecological transformation by humans. Here we examine two aspects of resource use as a result of urbanization: (1) consumption of natural resources such as water and forest products; and (2) transformation and use of land for urban activities. We also review concepts and methodologies for framing urbanization and resource use such as urban metabolism and ecological footprint, and their recent applications. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of innovative urban and land use planning and management of urban development to minimize the resource demands of cities by reducing energy and material inflows and closing the urban metabolism loop.