Heterogeneity of archaeal and bacterial ammonia-oxidizing communities in Lake Taihu, China

P>Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) communities within the surface sediments of Lake Taihu, a large eutrophic freshwater lake in China, were investigated using molecular approaches targeting the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) gene. Large intra-lake variability in the composition and the relative abundance of both groups of ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes was observed. Archaeal amoA far outnumbered bacterial amoA at most sites except those located in the Eastern Taihu Bay. This bay, which is used for intensive pen aquaculture, harboured the most unique AOA communities but was dominated by AOB in terms of relative abundance. Accumulation of organic substances rather than presence of submersed macrophytes significantly influenced the relative abundance of AOA. In contrast, shifts in the abundance of AOB were not found to be significantly related to the investigated environmental parameters. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all archaeal amoA sequences fell within either the Crenarchaeotal Group (CG) I.1b or the CG I.1a subgroup, and all AOB clustered exclusively with the genus Nitrosomonas. These findings represent the first detailed survey of AOA in eutrophic freshwater lake sediments by demonstrating that AOA dominate the ammonia-oxidizing communities, and are negatively correlated with the accumulation of organic substances.