Incorporation of a [Ru(dcbpy)(bpy)(2)](2+) photosensitizer and a Pt(dcbpy)Cl-2 catalyst into metal-organic frameworks for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from aqueous solution

A molecular photosensitizer [Ru(dcbpy)(bpy)(2)](2+) (dcbpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid) and a proton reduction catalyst Pt(dcbpy)Cl-2 were successfully incorporated into a highly robust metal-organic framework (MOF) of Zr(IV)(6)O-4(OH)(4)(bpdc)(6) (bpdc = 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid) by making use of a mix-and-match approach. The molecular integrity of the Ru and Pt complexes within the MOFs was demonstrated by a variety of techniques, including XRD, BET, TGA, SEM, TEM, HAADF-STEM, EDX, DRUS and XPS. This di-component Ru-Pt@UIO-67 MOF assembly allows a facile arrangement of the photosensitizer and the reduction catalyst with close spatial proximity, promotes the electron transfer between them, and thus leads to a significantly improved hydrogen evolution activity in aqueous solution at pH 5.0 upon visible light irradiation. This Ru-Pt@UIO-67 system represents the first example of MOFs functionalized with two different transition metal complexes, which can be used as a photosensitizer and catalyst, respectively, for hydrogen generation from water.