High power density of reverse electrodialysis with pore-filling ion exchange membranes and a high-open-area spacer

In the present study, a novel reverse electrodialysis (RED) stack with ultrathin lab-made pore-filling membranes and a high-open-area spacer was proposed to enhance the gross power density. The proposed stack had much lower internal resistance than a typical RED stack at optimum flow rates of seawater and river water. Therefore, a gross power density of 2.4 W m(-2) was achieved.