Journal
VIRUSES-BASEL
Volume 5, Issue 11, Pages 2767-2795Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/v5112767
Keywords
nuclear entry; nuclear export; nucleocytoplasmic trafficking; virus assembly; viral RNA packaging; retroviral Gag protein; HIV-1 Rev protein; Rous sarcoma virus; retroviruses
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [R01CA76534, P50GM103297, F30 CA165774, F31 CA171862]
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Retroviruses exploit nuclear trafficking machinery at several distinct stages in their replication cycles. In this review, we will focus primarily on nucleocytoplasmic trafficking events that occur after the completion of reverse transcription and proviral integration. First, we will discuss nuclear export of unspliced viral RNA transcripts, which serves two essential roles: as the mRNA template for the translation of viral structural proteins and as the genome for encapsidation into virions. These full-length viral RNAs must overcome the cell's quality control measures to leave the nucleus by co-opting host factors or encoding viral proteins to mediate nuclear export of unspliced viral RNAs. Next, we will summarize the most recent findings on the mechanisms of Gag nuclear trafficking and discuss potential roles for nuclear localization of Gag proteins in retrovirus replication.
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