4.6 Review

Activation of the Antiviral Kinase PKR and Viral Countermeasures

Journal

VIRUSES-BASEL
Volume 1, Issue 3, Pages 523-544

Publisher

MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/v1030523

Keywords

PKR; virus; dsRNA; innate immunity; immune evasion

Categories

Funding

  1. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [Wo 554/3-2]
  2. German Ministry of Health (FSI program)
  3. German Ministry of Education and Research (FluResearchNet)
  4. Canadian Institutes for Health Research [FRN37995]

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The interferon-induced double-stranded (ds) RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) limits viral replication by an eIF2 alpha-mediated block of translation. Although many negative-strand RNA viruses activate PKR, the responsible RNAs have long remained elusive, as dsRNA, the canonical activator of PKR, has not been detected in cells infected with such viruses. In this review we focus on the activating RNA molecules of different virus families, in particular the negative-strand RNA viruses. We discuss the recently identified non-canonical activators 5'-triphosphate RNA and the vRNP of influenza virus and give an update on strategies of selected RNA and DNA viruses to prevent activation of PKR.

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