Journal
WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY
Volume 19, Issue 22, Pages 3404-3414Publisher
BAISHIDENG PUBLISHING GROUP INC
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i22.3404
Keywords
Fecal microbiota; Ulcerative colitis; Short chain fatty acids; Clostridial cluster; Fluorescent in situ hybridization-flow cytometry; Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Funding
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi
- Government of India
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AIM: To study the interplay between butyrate concentration and butyrate-producing bacteria in fecal samples of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients vs control individuals. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from 14 control individuals (hemorrhoid patients only) and 26 UC patients (severe: n = 12, moderate: n = 6, remission: n = 8), recruited by the gastroenterologist at the Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. Disease activity in UC patients was determined by clinical colitis activity index. We employed fluorescent in situ hybridization in combination with flow cytometry to enumerate the clostridium cluster population targeted by 16S rRNA gene probe. Major butyrate-producing species within this cluster were quantified to see if any change existed in control vs UC patients with different disease activity. This observed change was further validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition to this, we carried out gas chromatography to evaluate the changes in concentration of major short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), namely acetate, n-butyrate, iso-butyrate, in the above samples. Student t test and Graph pad prism-6 were used to compare the data statistically. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease of Clostridium coccoides (control, 25.69% +/- 1.62% vs severe, 9.8% +/- 2.4%, P = 0.0001) and Clostridium leptum clusters (control, 13.74% +/- 1.05% vs severe, 6.2% +/- 1.8%, P = 0.0001) in fecal samples of UC patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that some butyrate-producing members of the clostridial cluster, like Fecalibacterium prausnitzii (control, 11.66% +/- 1.55% vs severe, 6.01% +/- 1.6%, P = 0.0001) and Roseburia intestinalis (control, 14.48% +/- 1.52% vs severe, 9% +/- 1.83%, P = 0.02) were differentially present in patients with different disease activity. In addition, we also demonstrated decreased concentrations of fecal SCFAs, especially of n-butyrate (control, 24.32 +/- 1.86 mmol/mu L vs severe, 12.74 +/- 2.75 mmol/mu L, P = 0.003), iso-butyrate (control, 1.70 +/- 0.41 mmol/mu L vs severe, 0.68 +/- 0.24 mmol/mu L, P = 0.0441) and acetate (control, 39.51 +/- 1.76 mmol/mu L vs severe, 32.12 +/- 2.95 mmol/mu L, P = 0.047), in the fecal samples of UC patients. The observed decrease of predominant butyrate producers of clostridial clusters correlated with the reduced SCFA levels in active UC patients. This was further confirmed by the restoration in the population of some butyrate producers with simultaneous increase in the level of SCFA in remission samples. CONCLUSION: Our observations indicate that decreases in members of the clostridial cluster resulting in reduced butyrate levels contribute to the etiology of UC. (c) 2013 Baishideng. All rights reserved.
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