Journal
WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Volume 63, Issue 4, Pages 605-612Publisher
IWA PUBLISHING
DOI: 10.2166/wst.2011.207
Keywords
chloramination; disinfection by-product; formation potential; N-nitrosodimethylamine; reverse osmosis membrane; water recycling
Funding
- Urban Water Security Research Alliance
- Veolia Water Australia and Water Secure, University of Queensland
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The formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is of major concern among wastewater recycling utilities practicing disinfection with chloramines. The NDMA formation potential (FP) test is a simple and straightforward method to evaluate NDMA precursor concentrations in waters. In this paper we show the NDMA FP results of a range of tertiary wastewater treatment plants that are also the source for production of recycled water using an Ultrafiltration - Reverse Osmosis (UF-RO) membrane process. The results indicate that the NDMA FP of different source waters range from 350 to 1020 +/- 20 ng/L. The fate of these NDMA precursors was also studied across the different stages of two Advanced Water Treatment Plants (AWTP) producing recycled water. These results show that more than 98.5 +/- 0.5% of NDMA precursors are effectively removed by the Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes used at the AWTPs. This drastically reduces any potential for re-formation of NDMA after the RO stage even if chloramines may be present (or added) there.
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