Journal
WATER RESEARCH
Volume 62, Issue -, Pages 63-87Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.039
Keywords
Biofilm control; Biofilm monitoring; Drinking water; Reactor
Funding
- Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors COMPETE
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology [PTDC/DTPSAP/1078/2012 (COMPETE: FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-028765), SFRH/BPD/81982/2011]
- European Research Project SUS-CLEAN [FP7-KBBE-2011-5, 287514]
- COST Action FA1202
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The development of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) can cause pipe degradation, changes in the water organoleptic properties but the main problem is related to the public health. Biofilms are the main responsible for the microbial presence in drinking water (DW) and can be reservoirs for pathogens. Therefore, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and behavior is of utmost importance in order to create effective control strategies. As the study of biofilms in real DWDS is difficult, several devices have been developed. These devices allow biofilm formation under controlled conditions of physical (flow velocity, shear stress, temperature, type of pipe material, etc), chemical (type and amount of nutrients, type of disinfectant and residuals, organic and inorganic particles, ions, etc) and biological (composition of microbial community - type of microorganism and characteristics) parameters, ensuring that the operational conditions are similar as possible to the DWDS conditions in order to achieve results that can be applied to the real scenarios. The devices used in DW biofilm studies can be divided essentially in two groups, those usually applied in situ and the bench top laboratorial reactors. The selection of a device should be obviously in accordance with the aim of the study and its advantages and limitations should be evaluated to obtain reproducible results that can be transposed into the reality of the DWDS. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the main reactors used in DW biofilm studies, describing their characteristics and applications, taking into account their main advantages and limitations. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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