Journal
WATER RESEARCH
Volume 45, Issue 3, Pages 961-979Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.035
Keywords
Intrusion; Pressure; Drinking water distribution system; Microbial contamination; Transient analysis; Public health risk
Funding
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- U.S. Department of Energy
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Low and negative pressure events in drinking water distribution systems have the potential to result in intrusion of pathogenic microorganisms if an external source of contamination is present (e.g., nearby leaking sewer main) and there is a pathway for contaminant entry (e.g., leaks in drinking water main). While the public health risk associated with such events is not well understood, quantitative microbial risk assessment can be used to estimate such risk. A conceptual model is provided and the state of knowledge, current assumptions, and challenges associated with the conceptual model parameters are presented. This review provides a characterization of the causes, magnitudes, durations and frequencies of low/negative pressure events; pathways for pathogen entry; pathogen occurrence in external sources of contamination; volumes of water that may enter through the different pathways; fate and transport of pathogens from the pathways of entry to customer taps; pathogen exposure to populations consuming the drinking water; and risk associated with pathogen exposure. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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