Rapid free chlorine decay in the presence of Cu(OH)2: Chemistry and practical implications

A rapid reaction between free chlorine and the cupric hydroxide [Cu(OH)(2)] solids commonly found on pipe walls in premise plumbing can convert free chlorine to chloride and rapidly age Cu(OH)(2) to tenorite (CuO). This reaction has important practical implications for maintaining free chlorine residuals in premise plumbing, commissioning of new copper pipe systems, and maintaining low levels of copper in potable water. The reaction stoichiometry between chlorine and Cu(OH)(2) is consistent with formation of CuO through a metastable Cu(III) intermediate, although definitive mechanistic understanding requires future research. Natural levels of silica in water (0-30 mg/L), orthophosphate, and higher pH interfere with the rate of this reaction. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.