Journal
WATER RESEARCH
Volume 43, Issue 12, Pages 3057-3066Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.019
Keywords
Disinfection by-products; Trihalomethanes; Haloacetic acids; Stagnation; Residential plumbing; Water tank; Hot water; Statistical analysis; Household exposure
Funding
- National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada
- Fonds Quebecois de Recherche sur la Nature et sur les Technologies (FQRNT)
- Hydro-Quebec and Chapitre Saint-Laurent
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This study demonstrates that levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) increase considerably when cold water stagnates in residential pipes and, more significantly, when water remains in the hot water tank. Levels of haloacetic acids (HAAs) increase as well in both cases, but less significantly in comparison to THMs. The study also demonstrates that in both the plumbing system and residential hot water tank, chlorinated and brominated DBP species do not behave in the same manner. Finally, the study shows that sustained use of water in households helps to maintain THM and HAA levels close to those found in water of the distribution system. The results are useful to identify methods of indoor water use that minimize population exposure to DBPs and improve DBP exposure assessment for epidemiological studies. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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