Journal
WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION
Volume 223, Issue 3, Pages 1415-1427Publisher
SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG
DOI: 10.1007/s11270-011-0954-y
Keywords
Anoxia; Anoxic; Eutrophication; Road salt; Saline; Salinization; Stratification; Urban
Funding
- Pierce Cedar Creek Institute URGE
- National Science Foundation [NSF-EAR 0348435, NSF-GEO 0807578]
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Redox stratification, especially hypolimnetic anoxia resulting from eutrophication, and salinization resulting from application of salts for road deicing is investigated in three kettle lakes in southwest Michigan. Two of the lakes (Asylum and Woods Lakes) are located in urban Kalamazoo, Michigan, and the third (Brewster Lake) is located in rural Hastings, Michigan. In summer, the water columns of all three lakes are distinctly redox stratified, with anoxic hypolimnia and significant accumulation of reduced solutes (e. g., Mn(II), Fe(II), ammonia) in the lake bottom waters. Extremely elevated conductivity, chloride, sodium, and potassium levels are observed in the urban Asylum and Woods Lakes compared to the rural Brewster Lake, presumably due to runoff of road salt deicers applied in the surrounding watershed. These significant changes in water quality are of concern because they may detrimentally impact lake mixing, biodiversity, and ecosystem function in the urban lakes.
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