Journal
VACUUM
Volume 84, Issue 12, Pages 1360-1364Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2009.12.022
Keywords
Ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD); High power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge (HiPIMS); Sputtering; Plasma parameters
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Various magnetron sputtering tools have been developed that provide a high degree of ionization of the sputtered vapor referred to as ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD). The ions can be controlled with respect to energy and direction as they arrive to the growth surface which allows for increased control of film properties during growth. Here, the design parameters for IPVD systems are briefly reviewed. The first sputter based IPVD systems utilized a secondary plasma source between the target and the substrate in order to generate a highly ionized sputtered vapor. High power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) is a recent sputtering technique that utilizes IPVD where a high density plasma is created by applying high power pulses at low frequency and low duty cycle to a magnetron sputtering device. A summary of the key experimental findings for the HiPIMS discharge is given. Measurements of the temporal and spatial behavior of the plasma parameters indicate electron density peak, that expands from the target with a fixed velocity. The discharge develops from an inert sputtering gas dominated to a sputtered vapor dominated during the pulse. The high electron density results in a high degree of ionization of the deposition material. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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