Journal
VACCINE
Volume 28, Issue 33, Pages 5451-5457Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.077
Keywords
Vaccination; Killed parasites; Protection; Anti-Leishmania immunity
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It is widely believed that persistence of live parasites at the primary site of infection is important for maintenance of anti-Leishmania immunity. However, whether this immunity requires only the presence of antigen and not necessarily live replicating parasites has not been investigated. To determine whether non-replicating antigens could induce and maintain anti-Leishmania immunity, we inoculated naive mice with killed parasites (once or 5 times weekly) either alone or in combination with rIL-12 and challenged them with virulent Leishmania major parasites at different times after inoculation. We found that similar to mice that recovered from virulent live L major infection, mice inoculated repeatedly with killed parasites were protected against virulent L major challenge The protection obtained following 5 weekly inoculations of killed parasites was associated with strong antigen-specific IFN-gamma production by cells from the lymph nodes draining the inoculation site In contrast, mice that received a single or double inoculation of killed parasites either alone or followed with repeated rIL-12 injection were not protected Repeated antigen inoculation resulted in increased numbers of the IFN-gamma-secreting CD44(+)CD62L(-)T cells that were comparable in magnitude to that seen in mice with persistent infections Overall, these results suggest that it is possible to generate and maintain anti-Leishmania immunity for a relatively long period of time in the absence of live replicating parasites. However, a certain threshold of effector cells has to be generated in order to achieve this protection (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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