Journal
UROLOGIC ONCOLOGY-SEMINARS AND ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS
Volume 27, Issue 1, Pages 36-41Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.03.021
Keywords
Androgen receptor; Prostate cancer; Testosterone; Androgen; Androgen deprivation therapy; AR antagonist
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Funding
- NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE [R01CA111803] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA111803, R01 CA111803-02] Funding Source: Medline
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Androgen deprivation is still the standard systemic therapy for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), but patients invariably relapse with a more aggressive form of PCa termed hormone refractory, androgen independent, or castration resistant PCa (CRPC). Significantly, the androgen receptor (AR) is expressed at high levels in most cases of CRPC, and these tumors resume their expression of multiple AR-regulated genes, indicating that AR transcriptional activity becomes reactivated at this stage of the disease. The molecular basis for this AR reactivation remains unclear, but possible mechanisms include increased AR expression, AR mutations that enhance activation by weak androgens and AR antagonists, increased expression of transcriptional coactivator proteins, and activation of signal transduction pathways that can enhance AR responses to low levels of androgens. Recent data indicate that CRPC cells may also carry out intracellular synthesis of testosterone and DHT from weak adrenal androgens and may be able to synthesize androgens from cholesterol. These mechanisms that appear to contribute to AR reactivation after castration are further outlined in this review. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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