Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in plants

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and poly(ADPribose) glycohydrolases (PARGs) are the main enzymes responsible for the post-translational modification known as poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. These enzymes play important roles in genotoxic stress tolerance and DNA repair, programmed cell death, transcription, and cell cycle control in animals. Similar impacts are being discovered in plants, as well as roles in plant-specific processes. In particular, we review recent work that has revealed significant roles for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress, as well as roles for ADP-ribose pyrophosphatases (a subset of the nucleoside diphosphate linked to some moiety-X or NUDX hydrolases). Future challenges include identification of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation targets and interacting proteins, improved use of inhibitors and plant mutants, and field-based studies with economically valuable plant species.