4.6 Review

Decision by division: making cortical maps

Journal

TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES
Volume 32, Issue 5, Pages 291-301

Publisher

ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON
DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2009.01.007

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Funding

  1. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
  2. National Institute of Mental Health
  3. National Institute on Drug Abuse
  4. Kavli Institute for Neuroscience at Yale
  5. Patterson Trust Fellowship in Brain Circuitry
  6. Connecticut Stem Cell Research Grants Program
  7. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE [R01NS014841] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
  8. NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE [R01DA023999] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER

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In the past three decades, mounting evidence has revealed that specification of the basic cortical neuronal classes starts at the time of their final mitotic divisions in the embryonic proliferative zones. This early cell determination continues during the migration of the newborn neurons across the widening cerebral wall, and it is in the cortical plate that they attain their final positions and establish species-specific cytoarchitectonic areas. Here, the development and evolutionary expansion of the neocortex is viewed in the context of the radial unit and protomap hypotheses. A broad spectrum of findings gave insight into the pathogenesis of cortical malformations and the biological bases for the evolution of the modern human neocortex. We examine the history and evidence behind the concept of early specification of neurons and provide the latest compendium of genes and signaling molecules involved in neuronal fate determination and specification.

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