Journal
TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 29, Issue 12, Pages 600-607Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.08.005
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Funding
- Italian National Program for AIDS research [40F.66]
- PRIN [2006051402]
- NIH [DK074701]
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Ca(2+) is a pivotal second messenger controlling the activation of lymphocytes. Crucial events in the social life of immunocytes are regulated by the calcium/calmodulin complex (Ca(2+)/CaM), which controls the activation status of many enzymes, including the Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent Ser-Thr kinases (CaMK) I, II and IV. Although CaMKI and CaMKII are expressed ubiquitously, CaMKIV is found predominately in cells of the nervous and immune systems. To be active, CaMKIV requires binding of Ca(2+)/CaM and phosphorylation by CaMKK alpha or beta. The requirement of two CaM kinases in the same signalling pathway led to the concept of a CaM kinase cascade. In this review, we focus on the roles of CaMKK and CaMKIV cascades in immune and inflammatory responses.
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