Journal
TRENDS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM
Volume 21, Issue 10, Pages 599-609Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON
DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.06.003
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- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
- German Diabetes Competence Network (KKNDm)
- Medical Faculty at Dresden Univ. of Technology
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The insulin granule was previously thought of as merely a container, but accumulating evidence suggests that it also acts as a signaling node. Regulatory pathways intersect at but also originate from the insulin granule membrane. Examples include the small G-proteins Rab3a and Rab27a, which influence granule movement, and the transmembrane proteins (tyrosine phosphatase receptors type N) PTPRN and PTPRN2, which upregulate beta-cell transcription and proliferation. In addition, many cosecreted compounds possess regulatory functions, often related to energy metabolism. For instance, ATP and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) modulate insulin and glucagon secretion, respectively; C-peptide protects beta-cells and kidney cells; and amylin reduces gastric emptying and food intake via the brain. In this paper, we review the current knowledge of the insulin granule proteome and discuss its regulatory functions.
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