Early infections after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children and adolescents: the St. Jude experience

IntroductionAdvances in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) over the past 20years may have had an impact on the morbidity and mortality associated with infections post transplant. Patients and methodsWe sought to retrospectively analyze the epidemiology of the first episode of bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic infections 0-30days post transplant in a cohort of 320 children and adolescents who underwent autologous HSCT in a single institution, between 1990 and 2009 for solid tumors or lymphoma, and in 65 children transplanted for acute leukemia during the same period. ResultsInfections occurred in 66 (21%) patients with solid tumors or lymphoma. Bacterial infections occurred in 33 (10%) including bacteremia in 23 (7%), and viral infections in 34 (11%) patients. Gram-positive bacterial infections were more prevalent than gram-negative bacterial infections (P=0.03). Infections caused by fungal or parasitic pathogens were uncommon. The decade when transplant was performed (1990-1999 vs. 2000-2009) had no impact on the incidence of bacterial (P=0.41) or viral (P=0.47) infection. Between 1990 and 1999, a total of 60 (92%) children were transplanted for leukemia, and 5 (8%) in the 2000-2009 period (P<0.0001). Infections occurred in 32 (49%) patients. Bacterial (P=0.004), candidal (P=0.003), and herpes simplex viral (P=0.03) infections were more common in patients transplanted for leukemia. In patients transplanted for leukemia, 3 deaths occurred attributed to infection, all before 2000. ConclusionChanges in epidemiology of infection are likely a result of decline in autologous transplantation for childhood leukemia in the recent era. Autologous transplantation for solid tumors or lymphoma was not associated with mortality from early infections at our institution.