Journal
TRAFFIC
Volume 10, Issue 1, Pages 16-25Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00840.x
Keywords
FRAP; interleukin-1; microglia; nuclear import; Ran
Categories
Funding
- British Pharmacological Society
- Medical Research Council
- Wellcome Trust
- Medical Research Council [G9219675] Funding Source: researchfish
- MRC [G9219675] Funding Source: UKRI
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Pro-inflammatory members of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines (IL-1 alpha and beta) are important mediators of host defense responses to infection but can also exacerbate the damaging inflammation that contributes to major human diseases. IL-1 alpha and beta are produced by cells of the innate immune system, such as macrophages, and act largely after their secretion by binding to the type I IL-1 receptor on responsive cells. There is evidence that IL-1 alpha is also a nuclear protein that can act intracellularly. In this study, we report that both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta produced by microglia (central nervous system macrophages) in response to an inflammatory challenge are distributed between the cytosol and the nucleus. Using IL-1-beta-galactosidase and IL-1-green fluorescent protein chimeras (analyzed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching), we demonstrate that nuclear import of IL-1 alpha is exclusively active, requiring a nuclear localization sequence and Ran, while IL-1 beta nuclear import is entirely passive. These data provide valuable insights into the dynamic regulation of intracellular cytokine trafficking.
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