Journal
TOPICS IN CATALYSIS
Volume 55, Issue 7-10, Pages 543-549Publisher
SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS
DOI: 10.1007/s11244-012-9826-y
Keywords
D-Glucose; DMSO; Isomerisation; HMF; Metal salts
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Funding
- University of Groningen
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A wide range of metal halides and triflates were examined for the conversion of d-glucose to HMF in DMSO. Chromium and aluminium salts were identified as the most promising catalysts. The effect of process variables like initial d-glucose concentration (0.1-1.5 M), reaction time (5-360 min) and reaction temperature (100-140 A degrees C) on the yield of HMF were examined at a fixed Al(OTf)(3) concentration (50 mM). Highest yields of HMF (60 mol%) were obtained using 1 M d-glucose (16 wt%), Al(OTf)(3) (5 mol%) at a temperature of 140 A degrees C. A reaction pathway involving initial isomerisation of d-glucose to d-fructose followed by a number of dehydration steps is proposed. Kinetic analysis reveals that the reaction is second order in d-glucose with an activation energy of 138 kJ mol(-1).
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