Journal
THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS
Volume 110, Issue 3, Pages 484-492Publisher
SCHATTAUER GMBH-VERLAG MEDIZIN NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN
DOI: 10.1160/TH13-04-0275
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Funding
- US National Institutes of Health (NIH) [R25T, 5R25CA096945-07]
- Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF)
- Imaging and Radiation Sciences Bridge Program
- Experimental Therapeutics Center of MSKCC
- NIH [K99CA172695, R01CA176671, R01 CA160816, R33 CA 127768-03, P50-CA92629]
- Swedish Cancer Society [11-0624]
- Sweden America Foundation
- Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research
- Swedish Society for Medical Research
- Sidney Kimmel Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers
- PCF (DU)
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre based at Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust
- University of Oxford
- FiDIPro-program award from TEKES (Finland)
- Fundacion Federico SA
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Kallikreins are a family of serine proteases with a range of tissue-specific and essential proteolytic functions. Among the best studied are the prostate tissue-specific KLK2 and KLK3 genes and their secreted protease products, human kallikrein 2, hk2, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Members of the so-called classic kallikreins, these highly active trypsin-like serine proteases play established roles in human reproduction. Both hK2 and PSA expression is regulated by the androgen receptor which has a fundamental role in prostate tissue development and progression of disease. This feature, combined with the ability to sensitively detect different forms of these proteins in blood and biopsies, result in a crucially important biomarker for the presence and recurrence of cancer. Emerging evidence has begun to suggest a role for these kallikreins in critical vascular events. This review discusses the established and developing biological roles of hK2 and PSA, as well as the historical and advanced use of their detection to accurately and non-invasively detect and guide treatment of prostatic disease.
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