Investigation of the microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of Ti-containing diamond-like carbon films fabricated by a hybrid ion beam method

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films with various titanium contents were investigated using a hybrid ion beam system comprising an anode-layer linear ion beam source and a DC magnetron sputtering unit. The film composition and microstructure were characterized carefully by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, revealing that the doped Ti atoms had high solubility in the DLC films. The maximum solubility was found to lie between about 7 and 13 at.%. When the Ti content was lower than this solubility, the doped Ti atoms dissolved in the DLC matrix and the films exhibited the typical features of the amorphous DLC structure and displayed low compressive stresses, friction coefficients and wear rates. However, as the doped content exceeded the solubility, Ti atoms bonded with C atoms, resulting in the formation of carbide nano-particles embedded in the DLC matrix. Although the emergence of the carbide nano-particles promoted graphitizing due to a catalysis effect, the film hardness was enhanced to a great extent. On the other hand, the hard carbides particles caused abrasive wear behavior, inducing a high friction coefficient and wear rate. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.