Surface transformations of carbon (graphene, graphite, diamond, carbide), deposited on polycrystalline nickel by hot filaments chemical vapour deposition

The deposition of carbon has been studied at high temperature on polycrystalline nickel by hot filaments activated chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). The sequences of carbon deposition are studied by surface analyses: Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), electron loss spectroscopy (ELS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in a chamber directly connected to the growth chamber. A general scale law of the (C/Ni) intensity lines is obtained with a reduced time. Both, shape analysis of the AES C KVV line and the Os relative intensity suggest a three-step process: first formation of graphene and a highly graphitic layer, then multiphase formation with graphitic. carbidic and diamond-like carbon and finally at a critical temperature that strongly depends on the pretreatment of the polycrystalline nickel surface, a rapid transition to diamond island formation. Whatever the substrate diamond is always the final product and some graphene layers the initial product. Moreover it is possible to stabilize a few graphene layers at the initial sequences of carbon deposition. The duration of this stabilization step is strongly depending however on the pre-treatment of the Ni surface. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.