Moho, seismogenesis, and rheology of the lithosphere

The Moho is not always a sharp interface: but seismic phase SsPmp yields robust, physically averaged estimates of crustal thickness (virtual deep seismic sounding, VDSS). In S. Tibet where the Moho is as deep as 75 km, bimodal distribution of earthquake depths, with one peak in the upper crust and the other below the Moho, generated much interest in how lithological contrast affects seismicity and rheology. Generally seismicity is limited by distinct temperatures (Tc): 350 +/- 50 degrees C in the crust and 700 +/- 100 degrees C in the mantle (Earthquake Thermometry). Laboratory experiments show that distinct Tc reflect the onset of substantial crystal plasticity in major crustal and mantle minerals, respectively. Above these Tc, frictional instability ends due to velocity weakening of slip. So the seismic to aseismic transition is closely linked with brittle-ductile transitions in the crust and in the uppermost mantle, where the strength of the continental lithosphere is expected to peak (Jelly Sandwich). Plasticity depends exponentially on temperature (which evolves overtime), so interplay between the geotherm and crustal thickness could result in concentrated seismicity in the upper crust the only portion of a very warm lithosphere where temperature is below similar to 350 degrees C (Creme Brulee). Conversely, where the entire crust is below similar to 350 degrees C (and the uppermost mantle is also below similar to 700 degrees C), then earthquakes could occur over a wide range of depths, including the entire crust and the uppermost mantle (Caramel Slab). (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.