Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Volume 12, Issue 8, Pages 9589-9602Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809589
Keywords
antioxidant system; reactive oxygen species; metallothionein; lipid damage; soil
Funding
- European Commission by EU FP7-project MARINA [263215]
- European Commission by EU FP7-project SUN [604305]
- FEDER through COMPETE e Operational Program for Competitiveness Factors (Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade)
- National funding through FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia within NANOkA [PTDC/BIA-BEC/103716/2008]
- National funding through FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia within CESAM [PEst-C/MAR/LA0017/2013]
- National funding through FCT [SFRH/BD/95027/2013, SFRH/BPD/95093/2013]
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The mechanisms of toxicity of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) are unclear, in particular in the terrestrial environment. In this study the effects of AgNP (AgNM300K) were assessed in terms of oxidative stress in the soil worm Enchytraeus crypticus, using a range of biochemical markers [catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), total glutathione (TG), metallothionein (MT), lipid peroxidation (LPO)]. E. crypticus were exposed during 3 and 7 days (d) to the reproduction EC20, EC50 and EC80 levels of both AgNP and AgNO3. AgNO3 induced oxidative stress earlier (3 d) than AgNP (7 d), both leading to LPO despite the activation of the anti-redox system. MT increased only for AgNP. The Correspondence Analysis showed a clear separation between AgNO3 and AgNP, with e.g., CAT being the main descriptor for AgNP for 7 d. LPO, GST and GPx were for both 3 and 7 d associated with AgNO3, whereas MT and TG were associated with AgNP. These results may reflect a delay in the effects of AgNP compared to AgNO3 due to the slower release of Ag+ ions from the AgNP, although this does not fully explain the observed differences, i.e., we can conclude that there is a nanoparticle effect.
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