Do we have a theory of early universe cosmology?

The inflationary scenario has become the paradigm of early universe cosmology, and - in conjunction with ideas from superstring theory has led to speculations about an inflationary multiverse. From a point of view of phenomenology, the inflationary universe scenario has been very successful. However, the scenario suffers from some conceptual problems, and thus it does not (yet) have the status of a solid theory. There are alternative ideas for the evolution of the very early universe which do not involve inflation but which agree with most current cosmological observations as well as inflation does. In this lecture I will outline the conceptual problems of inflation and introduce two alternative pictures - the matter bounce and string gas cosmology, the latter being a realization of the emergent universe scenario based on some key principles of superstring theory. I will demonstrate that these two alternative pictures lead to the same predictions for the power spectrum of the observed large-scale structure and for the angular power spectrum of cosmic microwave background anisotropies as the inflationary scenario, and I will mention predictions for future observations with which the three scenarios can be observationally teased apart. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.