Journal
STEM CELL REVIEWS AND REPORTS
Volume 9, Issue 5, Pages 586-598Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9450-7
Keywords
Endothelial cells; Differentiation; Molecular pathways; Embryonic stem cells; Induced pluripotent stem cells
Funding
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Ichiro Kanehara Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Sciences and Medical care
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics
- The Tokyo Biochemical Research Foundation, Japan
- Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [24792237] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Assembly of complex vascular networks occurs in numerous biological systems through morphogenetic processes such as vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can differentiate into any cell type, including endothelial cells (ECs), and have been extensively used as in vitro models to analyze molecular mechanisms underlying EC generation and differentiation. The emergence of these promising new approaches suggests that ECs could be used in clinical therapy. Much evidence suggests that ES/iPS cell differentiation into ECs in vitro mimics the in vivo vascular morphogenic process. Through sequential steps of maturation, ECs derived from ES/iPS cells can be further differentiated into arterial, venous, capillary and lymphatic ECs, as well as smooth muscle cells. Here, we review EC development from ES/iPS cells with special attention to molecular pathways functioning in EC specification.
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